Diversity at Workplace as the Composite of Versatility and Commonalities Free Essay Example, 3000 words

In an organizational culture that is tolerant for people from all culture, employees learn to show respect and learn from each other thus using diversity to their advantage (Woods, et. Communication and technological advances have contributed to making the market and organizations a global concept (Anderson, 2013). Diversity can affect an organizational structure positively as well as negatively; where it can be a precursor to creativity and innovativeness, diversity can also lead to a rise in conflicts and employee turnover (Tharp, 2011). Diversity is shown to be positively associated with creativity and increased innovation (Tharp, 2011). Every individual brings his own unique set of experiences, knowledge, skills and cultural background and thus lends an array of diverse experiences to the organization (Ingram, 2013). When individuals with such vast and distinct knowledge work together, creativity and innovativeness is a natural result. A diverse workforce affords variety and div ersity in perspectives and experiences and is far more effective in generating innovative solutions (Tharp, 2011). A culture devoid of workplace diversity can lack in presenting the employees with an opportunity for self-growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity at Workplace as the Composite of Versatility and Commonalities or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Motive Of The Cia Or Mob Or Any Group - 1806 Words

There’s no credible evidence that the CIA or mob or any group was involved in the assassination, nothing! (There is circumstantial evidence, apparent flaws in the case, and seemingly convincing evidence.) Three people can keep a secret, but only if two are dead. Not one word, not one syllable has leaked out. Why? Because there’s nothing to leak out! (Hmm...) There is no evidence that Oswald ever had any association or connection with any of these groups. (Again, there is CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, as presented in MANY books!) Oswald’s rifle, a 6.5 mm Mannlicher-Carcano rifle was determined by the firearms experts to be the murder weapon. That means that the murder weapon that shot and killed John F. Kennedy was owned and possessed by Lee Harvey Oswald. (This is true, Oswald did own the rifle, but that technically doesn’t mean by all accounts he shot JFK. By the way, just an FWI, Oswald’s rifle was a 6.5 mm Carcano carbine. Its always improperly called â€Å"Mannlicher-Carcano†.) After the shooting in Dealey Plaza, Oswald was the only worker at the Book Depository building who fled the building. (This is not true at all. The record has been clear for many years that other TSBD employees were not accounted for after the shooting.) Lets assume that one of these groups did want to kill Kennedy. Oswald would have been one of the last people on the face of this earth who they would have gone to to do their bidding for them. (Critics of this case don’tShow MoreRelatedWho Is to Blame for JFKs Assassination?748 Words   |  3 Pagesemployed or influenced by any group to assassinate President Kennedy. It was taken into consideration the issue of when Oswald lived in the Soviet Union. Also him having contact with the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and his visits to Cuban and Soviet Embassies in Mexico City while in Mexico. After looking into these issues, Commission came to the conclusion that Oswald did in fact act alone. Before they determined this, they looked into the assassin’s life and what his motives could have been. Oswald’sRead MoreJFK Assasination Conspiracy Theories Essay3168 Words   |  13 Pagesshooter but I think Oswald never even pulled the trigger. Oswald was just an easy mark to pin the crime on, he was set up, most likely by the CIA who he was speculated to be a member of. This topic has long interested me since I was a little kid. I would always ask why our government would lie about how and why JFK was killed, it did not make any sense to me and still doesnt. The only real logical reasoning is that the government was and is still trying to cover possibly one of theRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy3922 Words   |  16 PagesBelieve JFK Killed in a Conspiracy) In the assassination of JFK, the evidence points toward the conclusion that a conspiracy to assassinate the President of the United States by Lyndon B. Johnson, carried out by Lee Harvey Oswald and covered up by the CIA, is the only way to explain the events that preceded and followed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In order to find out who was truly behind JFK’s assassination, one must first understand the social and political climate of the early 1960’s. AtRead MoreBook 1984 Analysis: Conspiracies in the US, John F. Kennedy1438 Words   |  6 Pages A conspiracy is a â€Å"secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful† (Conspiracy.). One of the most conspiracy filled events in history just happens to be the John F. Kennedy assassination. Some ideas are way out there, but others sound like they might have at least a hint of truth in them. The book 1984, relates to a few of these schemes of how and such an event would happen, but even more importantly how it was covered up. In the book they were masterminds at covering up events andRead MoreThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy1930 Words   |  8 Pageslook at the CIA theory, what would be the motivation for killing the president, according to an article written by David Jackson for the USATODAY he states, â€Å"The Central Intelligence Agency may have played a role in his death. The motive? The CIA was upset about the changes being made within the agency after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. The CIA also did not want Kennedy to discharge CIA agents for disa greeing with him. Other theories pin the assassination on a rogue cell of the CIA or an agencyRead MoreKennedy s Conspiracy Conundrum By John F. Kennedy1504 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives, inexplicable details, and active imaginations (Calloff and Hall 1-2). The lack of evidence only adds to the number of possible theories about the motive for Kennedy s assassination. One of the largest theories regarding Kennedy s death is that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone to carry out that horrific act. The Warren Commission, a group put together by President Johnson to investigate Kennedy s assassination, was instituted on November 29, 1963. They settled on the idea that Oswald wasRead MoreThe CIA and the Iranian Coup DEtat in 19532574 Words   |  10 Pageseconomics and national pride when the CIA orchestrated an elaborate coup to overthrow the government of Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq. In the beginning of the Cold War, the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammad Mosaddeq, passed the oil nationalization agreement, which nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and its holdings in Iran. The CIA, with assistance of MI6, planned, funded and implemented Operation TPAJAX, a covert CIA operation. CIA collaborated with Mohammed Reza PahlaviRead MoreThe Assassination Of President Kennedy s Assassination1831 Words   |  8 PagesDiaz seems to be the killer, he was a known political assassin, a marksman and an employee for Santo Trafficante, one of the two suspects in the assassination. He was also involved with one of the more dangerous and extreme anti-Castro groups. â€Å"The Mafia had every motive to do away with President Kennedy because they were being pursued as never before by the government. At the same time, a large part of the anti-Castro movement felt betrayed by Kennedy. It [Diaz] is an important development that shouldRead MoreEssay about John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln3151 Words   |  13 PagesSecondary Education Act. Johnson was big on Education and the Civil Rights Act of 1957. After Lincolns election, many Southern states, fearing Republican control in the government, seceded from the Union. Lincoln faced the greatest internal crisis of any U.S. President. After the fall of Ft. Sumner, Lincoln raised an army and decided to fight to save the Union from falling apart. Despite enormous pressures, loss of life, battlefield setbacks, generals who werent ready to fight, assassination threatsRead MoreEssay on The Assassination of John F. Kennedy4698 Words   |  19 Pagesofficials in charge of the investigation declared the case closed and the new President set up a hand picked committee to investigate. The committee, which reported directly to the new President, concluded that the assassin was a lone nut with no motive for killing the President. While it may seem that this is all wrapped up and that this is ancient history with no real meaning. There are still many questions one of which you maybe thinking is, Why is this so important? Why does it even matter

Strategic Plan Part Iv – Implementation

Question: Determine the potential barriers you anticipate and how you plan on overcoming them. Create a plan for communicating your plan to all the organization's employees. Describe market entry strategy and the procedure you plan on using to implement your strategic plan. Choose methods and strategies to support implementation processes. Answer: Potential Barriers And Overcoming Them The core barriers to the implementation of strategy have been described below: Formulation and planning Providing people with the change they need to contribute to get the highest payoff. Keeping the strategy consistent. Stating the most important as well as the unimportant tasks (Blankenship, 2016) Consensus Lack of clear and concise understanding among the people. Lesser understanding of wider scope as well as goals. Lack of clarity along with strategic consensus. Cross-functional structure The implementers are not relieved from the normal responsibilities and the reward is little too. Tensions arising between departments. Location is a physical barrier. Resource allocation Coordination and integration of activities participated in by the individuals. Leaving room for experimentation. Discarding knowledge. Control Paradoxical decisions. Inhibited creativity. Maintaining a balance between creativity and hierarchy and self-responsibility related to business strategy. Create a plan for communicating your plan to all the organization's employees Communication Common understanding of common language. Lack of upfront conversations regarding barriers and the underlying causes. Poor vertical communication. Open conversations. Commitment Resistance Lower levels getting involved and integrated (Butler, Panzer Goldfrank, 2003). Leadership Combination of interpersonal as well as technical skills along with sensitivity to the functional needs. Maintaining the balance between powerful leadership and adequate autonomy for employees. ompetent, contributing, capable, executive and effective leader. Cultural context Setting of pace, tone and character. Shared value system. Even though there are several ways to address the potential barriers, few ways to overcome them have been mentioned below: Providing leadership the leadership of the organization should support the conduction of strategic planning. This signifies that the process is important for all the employees and in turn it would improve the acceptance level ("Clear, hold, hand over: NATO's Afghan transition plan", 2011). Describe market entry strategy and the procedure you plan on using to implement your strategic plan Niche marketing strategy will be implemented t make market entry and strategic plan will be developed in accordance to the market need and potential. There were many of the ministers who declared the vaccine health policy for the welfare of the people and especially for the young women residing all over the Australia. This particular set up the desired platform for the common people to get involved within the political decision made for the people. Media is considered to be most important for influencing the people; the launch of the new vaccine was portrayed as the medical miracle which acts as the social frame of good (Forster, 2002). The most important factor that leads to the discovery of the HPV vaccine is the establishment for the virus causing the cervical cancer disease. In the year 1991, the researchers FromtheQuensland University evaluated a fact that non-infectious particles enhance as well as strongly the immune system of the concerned body. In the year 1993, the VLPs were critically generated with the help of the HPV 16 component. Choose methods and strategies to support implementation processes Understanding of the need of the market is highly essential to make better business decision and developing strategy as per the market potential and for this reliable market research has been carried out in order to firm better strategic direction. The decision making for the process of the HPV vaccines, is the most important as it helps in understanding the desired key concepts for the use of the HPV vaccines. Cervical cancer has been found to the most common of the diseases between the women of the country ("GSA Adopts New Strategic Plan", 2008). There has been on numbers about 270,000 of the people dies for this disease. The establishment and the meeting of the seven countries highlights more focus on the formation o the cervical diseases. Thus, as it reflects that desired fact that people should be aware of the HPV virus and the policy is merely not technical exercise and it needs to implemented for curing people from the affected HPV virus. Te participation of the different coun tries is very important to formulate perfect strategies on reducing the HPV virus. The comparing and contrasting the decision made by the seven different countries evaluate the desired fact that vaccine was finally approved and it was made available for the women within a three days trial. It is a matter of concern that HPV vaccines are mostly active and easily transmitted when a woman becomes sexually active. The most suitable treatment for the HPV virus the widespread use of the HPOV vaccines it is significantly expected for reducing the incidence of the cervical cancer (Health, 2000). There was a crucial debate within the community of scientists related to the issues relate with the safety as well as the efficacy in connection with the desired approval methods. Determine what measurement guidelines should be used to verify strategy effectiveness. The patient engagement policies and health beliefs are correlated to each other and health beliefs of individuals provide critical significance to the entire system. The treatment intervention process sometimes influenced with the individual culture and spirituality. In some religion some of the activities has to be carried out in daily basis and during the treatment some of the got missed which provide critical impact to the patient mental condition (Hubley, Copeman Woodall, 2013). Psychological effects plays an important role during the time of treatment and intervention of individuals as it requires corporate support from the patient end and his or her confidence helps in better recovery. Due to some cultural constraints the reliable cooperation is not avail by the nurses, therefore, some reliable process such as NHS guidelines were maintained in order to provide best care setting as per the circumstances. Health care system enhancement and self beliefs are innovative maintained by the registered nurses to get the ultimate health recovery goal. Explain when you would consider altering the strategic plan you have suggested if implementation does not go according to plans To execute the above framework innovative nursing intervention and patient counseling should be done by the medical professional, which will help in understanding the different health beliefs of individuals patient. Open communication approach has to be taken by the nurses to understand the thoughts and beliefs of the patient, which will further help in providing the adequate intervention (Promotion, prevention and early intervention for mental health, 2000). The nursing framework has to be used innovatively and appropriate patient counseling system should be carried out by the medical professionals and that will help in understanding the perception of the patient towards their health conditions and as per the observed and obtained results the reliable initiatives will be undertaken. Communication is one of the most significant factors that have to be carried out innovatively and to make the entire intervention system effective the open communication approach sometimes taken by the nurses in order to facilitate the services. Determine what tolerance range should be in place that would call for corrective action if exceeded The methodology followed for the development of this study is based on qualitative approach as this particular approach is necessary for investigating the responses and perceptions of the residents and healthcare service providers of the rural community (Raj, 1981). Therefore, this particular chapter will highlight the research designs and approaches used for conducting the study and also describe the rationale behind the selection of the particular approaches and design. Since there are many different views on health thus it is very difficult to have a particular definition of health. For example in Mauritania, a small country in North West Africa, obesity is not considered a health issue and instead it is considered a sign of beauty and so the girls are force fed so that when they grow up they look obese. But in the western countries obesity is considered a serious health issue and obese peoples are considered as unattractive and many negative stereotypes are associated with the ob esity. In African countries obesity is considered as sign of prosperity and well-being ("Sacrificial game plan (sports rights)", 2008). Thus it is important for the health care practitioners to study sociology so that they can get better understanding about the connection between the humans and the manner in which affect the individuals. In this essay various sociological perspectives that are employed in the health and social care will be examined. Determine what corrective action you need to make if the organization's performance fell outside the tolerance range Sociology may be defined as the study of human behavioral interactions, there is a great deal of connection between this social science and topics within the health and social care field. It is matter of research to determine how the society and the social forces affect the health of a human being ("Strategic Plan 2015-2017", 2015). Talcott Pearson developed the functionalist approach on health and ill. According to Talcott ill health is a great threat to the society and for the proper functioning of the society good health was extremely important. As per Talcott ill health affects the ability of a person to perform his tasks and execute his duties towards the society. he said that in order to consider a person sick there are several expectations that are needed to be met. He coined the term sick role to explain those expectations, which shows how people are supposed to be like when they are ill and what are their thoughts when they are ill ("Strategic Syrian chemical plan faces multiple challenges", 2013). The sick roles are divided into two main categories, one is the right and the other one is the obligations. Rights: According to this category a sick person should be free from any kind of social roles. For example whether a sick person is in work or school he should be allowed to take at least a days holiday so that he can get back normal. Further as per talcott a sick person is not responsible for his condition. Organization structure It is imperative to have an enhanced health management plan that will help the individuals to recover the viral diseases as well as help in maintaining a better healthy environment within the community. HEDIS is one of the most significant tools that provide reliable health management dimension to the individuals especially in United States of America. There are various critical diseases treatment and health plan, and assessments are conducted by the HEDIS, which results in increasing the eliminating the vulnerabilities of heart attract, blood pressure, and diabetes and immunization management (Butler, Panzer Goldfrank, 2003). Environmental analysis In current times, those diseases provide critical impact to our community and the life living standards are highly affected due to that particular problem. In this particular context, various secondary data sources and health care data are analyzed and collected to understand the current health infrastructure and management system. HEDIS HEDIS provided an enormous contribution to the health management plans of the individuals and established some extraordinary tools and measurement process, which simultaneously helps in creating a better dimension of health care management within the society. The authority develops appeals- appeals health plan. The quality care and direct communication with the consultants and patients make the entire work easier, and the suspected individuals get reliable treatment therapy as per the standard guidelines ("Clear, hold, hand over: NATO's Afghan transition plan", 2011). The authority to select the best health plan that will help the patient to stay healthy always performs the sustainable accreditation. With the help of effective health plan, the authority is doing the healthier community establishment. State health care quality reports are displayed by the authority in regular time intervals, which helps in understanding the nation health care infrastructure in an innovative way. Financial plan Adequate financial support is highly required to maintain the medical facilities and in this particular the originations have the financial supports from their shareholders which in turns helps in facilitating the services quality and appropriate health support is provided to the individuals effectively. Along with the financial plan the medical professional with the registered nurses has established the reliable intervention and care plan. Major discussion was held to make the entire process smooth and precise. Each individuals opinion has been taken in order to improve the facilitate and services. For each individual the reliable health plan has been develop as per their concise so that they can get the best treatment plan as per their budget and requirement of the body function and diseases state. On the other hand, the quality compass system is established by the system, which enables plan results and quality improvements that provide a clear understanding to the individuals regarding their development and benefits of health condition. implementation There are several enhanced system are developed by the HEDIS but among them ICD-9-CM is another enhanced for of classification that helps the individuals to understand the procedures and health care forms. Most importantly, with the help of these particular tools, the valuable reporting is also done to the respective members and it helps the practitioner to understand the reliable development within the time (Forster, 2002). The enhanced coding systems are developed by the authority such as ICD-10 that helps in the measurement of health improvements of the individuals. UHDDS The inpatient diagnosis and procedures are coded as per the guidelines provided Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS) and most importantly, the principle diagnosis is clearly elaborated in the UHDDS starting from the admission of the patient from the hospital to entire care setting. Coding clinic provides enormous effort with the help of the principles of dependence, abuse and therapy. The additional diagnosis is conducted by taking up the informations at the beginning as they play a crucial role in overall treatment therapy ("GSA Adopts New Strategic Plan", 2008). There are several procedures are followed up by the authority depending upon the condition and treatment taken for the patients and they are as follows. Surgical treatment Treatment that involves procedural risk Therapy that involves anesthetic risk Evaluation and Control As per the condition and difficulty, level the authority is using the reliable principles in accordance to the UHDDS guidelines and adequate training is provided to the health care professional in order to achieve the best possible results Disability may be defined as those restrictions which arise for a person with impairments since the society does not considers the needs of the persons suffering from impairment for example there are very few ramps in the building for the wheel chairs and people suffering from deafness having no access to hearing aids (Health, 2000). Some people also consider terming it as a disabling environment where the environment does not provide facilities to the people suffering from impairment. References Blankenship, J. (2016). SCAI's future: The 2016 strategic plan. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent., 87(2), 183-187. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.26380 Butler, A., Panzer, A., Goldfrank, L. (2003). Preparing for the psychological consequences of terrorism. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Clear, hold, hand over: NATO's Afghan transition plan. (2011). Strategic Comments, 17(2), 1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2011.575607 Forster, P. (2002). Plan to survive or survive to plan?. Strat. Change, 11(8), 391-397. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.616 GSA Adopts New Strategic Plan. (2008). Gsa Today, 18(12), 18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173-18.12.18 Health, S. (2000). Population Health Promotion Strategy for Saskatchewan. Regina: Saskatchewan Health. Hubley, J., Copeman, J., Woodall, J. (2013). Practical health promotion. Cambridge: Polity. Promotion, prevention and early intervention for mental health. (2000). Canberra. Raj, C. (1981). Saudi Peace Plan. Strategic Analysis, 5(9), 485-492. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700168109425841 Sacrificial game plan (sports rights). (2008). Strategic Direction, 24(11). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd.2008.05624kad.007 Strategic Plan 2015-2017. (2015). Australasian Psychiatry, 23(1), 89-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856214566135b Strategic Syrian chemical plan faces multiple challenges. (2013). Strategic Comments, 19(6), vii-viii. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2013.857888

Pinyin Exercise free essay sample

Chinese is not a phonetic language, as a result its pronunciation is not related to the written Chinese words (characters). In order for non-Chinese speakers to learn the correct pronounciation, a system called â€Å"Pinyin† was developed to transcribe the sounds of Standard Chinese. Pinyin uses the letters of the familiar English alphabet to help the student determine the pronounciation of the unfamiliar Chiense words. Most Mandarin sounds are easy for English speakers to pronounce although some require more practice than others. Pinyin is also a useful tool for learning new vocabulary and for looking things up in a dictionary as well as for typing Chinese. Other than this, however, it has no practical usage since Chinese people do not read or write in pinyin. Actually, many Chinese people do not know pinyin at all. Therefore, you should learn to read and write in characters as soon as possible. I. The four tones: Chinese is known as a tonal language. We will write a custom essay sample on Pinyin Exercise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tones are the results of the variation of pitch levels in the pronunciation of a syllable. Each syllable is composed of three components: (a) Initials; (b) Finals; (c) tones. Except for nasal sound like n and m, all Chinese syllables ends with vowels. So we call them Final Sounds. The consonants at the beginning of a syllable are called Initial Sounds. There are altogether 21 initials as shown in Table 2. Initials only refer to the consonants that appear in the initial position of a syllable. Although it is acceptable to have a syllable without an initial, there must always be a final. A final may have one or more vowel sounds and sometimes a consonant ending like -g and -ng . In fact, other than -g and -ng other consonants can’t appear in a final at all. Altogether, there are thirty seven finals as listed in Table 3. There are 4 tones in Mandarin Chinese as illustrated in Table 1. Each Chinese word (character) carries a tone. Perhaps the most important thing to remember at this stage is the fact that different tones of a certain syllable indicate completely different meanings. The features of the four tones are clearly illustrated in the following diagram: Figure 1: Figure 1: a. The four tones The representation of tonal pitch contours as numbers in Figure1 is attributed to Yuen Ren Chao, who devised this scale to cover the tonal aspects of the Chinese language as well as other tonal languages. Unlike the music score, it consists of five arbitrary levels and each is labeled from the bottom upwards, 1 through to 5. As with the music score, the lowest line represents the lowest pitch, and the highest line, the highest pitch. The variance of the pitch could be captured using the reference pitch numbers by observing the starting, middle and end-points of the tone. The numbers were then enclosed in two forward slash marks. For example, /55/ would be a high level tone, whilst /11/ is a low level one. /53/ is a high falling tone, /35/ is a mid rising tone, whilst /31/ is a mid falling tone. /214/ is a tone which starts low, falls and then rises again. Short tones can also be represented as a single number for instance a short mid level is /3/. By using the numbers, Tone one is /55/; Tone two is /35/; Tone Three is /21/4 and Tone Four has the pitch level of /51/. The lines in the above table indicate the pitch contours of the four tones. And the four tones are represented with the following symbols (Table 1): Tones First Second Third Fourth Symbols Examples di di di di Table 1: Symbols of tonal accent If we use the musical notes to illustrate on the five scale, the four tones have the following patterns: Figure 2: b. The Four Tones Tone One: Tone One has the highest pitch level for it starts at five and ends up at five. It is near the top of your comfortable range. As a result, you should be able to sound the first tone syllable continuously without effort. ma: maaaaaa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Tone Two: Tone Two starts in the middle of your voice range and rises straight toward the level of the first tone. It is similar to the English tone when you are questioning: What?! ma: ma? Tone Three: Tone Three is the lowest tone of all. It starts low and then rises towards the middle high pitch level and has longer duration. The sounds in Row 2 are dentals because the teeth are employed to produce these sounds. The initials listed in Row 3 are called ‘gutturals†, which means their pronunciation, is controlled by the muscles in the back of the mouth. Actually, since the initials listed in Rows1-3 are very similar to the English consonants, you can achieve their sound very easily. The â€Å"Palatals† in Row 4 needs more practice. When pronouncing j and q, you must first raise the front of the tongue to the hard palate and press the tip of the tongue against the back of the lower teeth, and then loosen the tongue and let the air squeeze out through the channel thus made. The two sounds only differ in that the q is an aspirated sound. To pronounce x, you should raise the front of the tongue towards (almost touching) the hard palate and then let the air squeeze out. In short, j(i) is like j in jeep. q(i) is like ch in cheap and cheese. x(i) like sh in banshee, between the s in see and the sh in she. Refer to Figure 2 for a better understanding. Figure 2: Palatals The initials in Row 5 are â€Å"retroflexes†. To pronounce this sound, the tongue is curled back (retroflexed) until the tip touches the front part of the roof of the mouth. The tongue is only a little farther toward the back of the mouth than when pronouncing the initials r in ‘run’. To pronounce zh, ch, the tip of the tongue begins by touching the roof of the mouth, then quickly moving away. The two sounds differ only in that a strong puff of air accompanies with ch sound. zh is kind of like dg in fudge, and ch is like ch in church, but curl the tongue up toward the zh(i) ch(i) roof of the mouth while pronouncing the ch sound. But when produce the sound of sh, r, the tip of the tongue does not ever touch the roof of the mouth but simply rests in a close-by position as illustrated in Figure 3 below. h sounds like sh in English, but you should curl the tongue up sh(i) toward the roof of the mouth while pronouncing the sh sound. r(i) sounds zhr as in pleasure. Please note that r is the only initial that is voiced. zh-ch Figure 3: Retroflexes shi ri Dental sibilants (buzzing or hissing sounds) are listed in the last row. They are called  "Dental sibilants† because the pronunciation of which involves the tip of the tongue placed behind the top of front teeth. The tongue must be farther towards the front than when pronouncing an English s. z, is not too far from ds in â€Å"reads†. , is near the ts in â€Å"carts† though more air should be blown out. Exercises on Initials: